In civil engineering, it is most important to select the best survey methods according to the nature of land, time, money and accuracy needed. Chain surveying is used where the area to be surveyed is small and flat. However, when we need to survey in large areas, chain …
EDM stands for Electronic Distance Measurement. There are two basic types of EDM equipment, electro-optical (light waves) and electromagnetic (microwaves). In the past years, the electro-optical instruments have predominated. In the field of civil engineering, the use of EDM in surveying is rapidly increasing. EDM EDM is not …
Preservation Of TIMBER is the art of treating the timber with some chemical so as to increase its life, makes it more durable and to protect the timber from attack of fungi, insects etc. Methods of Preservation Tarring: Applying a coat of tar or tar mixed with pitch …
Remote sensing is a process of obtaining information about an object area and phenomenon through the analysis of data obtained by a device without being in physical contact with them. It is a methodology to study the physical and chemical properties of the object from distance. In the …
A hand level is a small levelling instrument that is held in hand when used for levelling. It consists of a rectangular tube, 100 to 150 mm long. A small level tube is mounted on the top of the tube. There is a small opening in the tube …
The method of determining relative altitudes of points on the surface of the earth or beneath the surface of the earth is called levelling. The instrument used for levelling is provided with either external type telescope or internal type telescope. In modern surveying instruments, internal focusing telescopes are …
Surveying is the art of determining the relative position of various points above, on or below the surface of the earth. The relative positions are determined by measuring horizontal distances, vertical distances (elevations), horizontal angles and vertical angles accurately using various surveying instruments. After taking the measurements in …
Global Positioning System or commonly know as GPS is a navigation system based on satellites that provide location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the surface of the earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight. Anyone can access it freely if they …
Foundation is the low part of the structure which transmits the load of the structure to the ground. The foundation is a buried structure and we cannot see it directly as superstructure. This fact creates bias-ness in designer towards the superstructure which foundation remain given less importance. So, …
Read moreWhat are the type of foundation? And how to choose it.
In structure different types and nature of the load are presents. Before designing a structure different types of loads on structures to be applied on is calculated and to withstand those loads a structure is designed. These loads on structure play an important role in the durability as …
In the civil engineering field, we need to calculate the possible loads on the column during the design of the columns. Before calculating the total loads on the column, we need to know the different types of loads applied to the column. Types of loads on the column …
For non-conditioned building, it calculates temperature variation inside the residential building over a specified time and helps one to estimate the duration of uncomfortable periods. Various heat exchange processes square measure attainable between a building and therefore the external atmosphere. Heat flow by conduction through various building elements …